Penicillin

Penicillin is a widely used β-lactam antibiotic effective against many bacterial infections, including those of the skin, throat, respiratory tract, and some sexually transmitted infections. It works by blocking bacterial cell wall synthesis, causing the bacteria to weaken and ultimately die.

Known for its reliability and long history of clinical use, penicillin remains a first-line treatment for numerous infections and is valued for its effectiveness, safety profile, and targeted action against susceptible bacteria.

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Penicillin is commonly prescribed for the treatment of the following conditions:

• Strep throat

• Ear infections

• Pneumonia and other respiratory infections

• Skin and soft tissue infections

• Syphilis

• Dental infections

• Certain types of meningitis

Common Side Effects of Penicillin

• Nausea or vomiting

• Mild diarrhea

• Headache

• Skin rash

• Itching

• Tongue or mouth irritation

Serious Side Effects of Penicillin

• Severe allergic reactions (difficulty breathing, swelling of face/lips/throat, hives)

• Severe skin reactions (blistering, peeling, fever)

• Persistent or bloody diarrhea (possible C. difficile infection)

• Seizures (rare, usually with very high doses)

• Unusual bleeding or bruising

• Yellowing of skin or eyes (possible liver involvement)

Penicillin comes in the following dosage forms and strengths

Tablets: Common strengths include 250 mg and 500 mg
Capsules: Typically available in 250 mg and 500 mg
Oral Suspension: Often provided as 125 mg/5 mL or 250 mg/5 mL
Injectable (IV/IM) Solutions: Available in multiple forms, including Penicillin G potassium or sodium in various unit strengths (e.g., 1 million to 24 million units)
Long-acting IM Form (Penicillin G Benzathine): Commonly 600,000 units or 1.2 million units per injection

The dosage and duration of penicillin depend on the type and severity of the infection being treated. Always follow your healthcare provider’s instructions when taking penicillin.

For oral dosage forms (tablets, capsules, suspension), take with a full glass of water. Penicillin can be taken with or without food, but taking it on an empty stomach (1 hour before or 2 hours after meals) may improve absorption.

For liquid suspensions, measure doses carefully using a proper dosing device and shake well before use.

For injectable forms, dosing is administered by a healthcare professional and may vary depending on whether the infection is mild, moderate, or severe. In more serious infections, doses may be given more frequently or at higher strengths as directed by a doctor.

Contraindications

Penicillin should not be used in individuals with:

• A known allergy to penicillin or other β-lactam antibiotics (e.g., cephalosporins), as reactions can be severe or life-threatening

• A history of severe hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, hives, or angioedema to penicillin

• Certain severe kidney conditions, depending on the formulation and required dose adjustments

• Known hypersensitivity to any inactive ingredients in the specific penicillin formulation

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Precautions

Pregnancy and Lactation
Penicillin is generally considered safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding; however, dosing may need adjustment depending on the type of penicillin and the infection. Always consult your healthcare provider before use.

Allergic Reactions
Penicillin allergies are relatively common and can range from mild rashes to severe anaphylaxis. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience hives, difficulty breathing, or swelling of the face, lips, or throat.

Kidney Function
Certain penicillin formulations require dose adjustments in individuals with impaired kidney function. Inform your doctor if you have any kidney-related health issues.

Drug Interactions
Some medications, such as methotrexate or probenecid, can interact with penicillin and affect how it works or increase side effects. Always inform your healthcare provider about all medications and supplements you are taking.